tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13650101734738549602024-03-13T03:45:13.225-07:00the crowdProf John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.comBlogger70125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-16767697959638039502024-01-01T08:53:00.000-08:002024-01-02T03:29:57.870-08:00Six zombie ideas in crowd psychology<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What are <a href="https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/zombie-ideas"><span style="color: #fcff01;">zombie ideas</span></a>?
These are ideas that keep coming back, even though they have been thoroughly
refuted by the evidence. They should be dead, but they won’t stay dead! They
keep coming back <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/opinion/krugman-rubio-and-the-zombies.html"><span style="color: #fcff01;">because
they serve certain interests or prejudices</span></a> (or both). Here are six zombie
ideas in crowd psychology that keep cropping up in everyday talk, in the news, among
policymakers and practitioners, and in academic publications. And here’s why
they’re wrong.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. De-individuation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The most distinctive claim
in the ‘de-individuation’ family of theories was <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356378565_Gustave_Le_Bon's_Psychologie_des_Foules_A_commentary_and_evaluation"><span style="color: #fcff01;">inherited
from Gustave Le Bon</span></a> – the idea that being anonymous leads to a loss of self
and hence uncontrolled, anti-normative behaviour. This idea could not cope with
the evidence that conditions of anonymity in fact are associated with a wide
range of behaviours, including accentuation of pro-social behaviours. There is
little evidence that anonymity leads to a ‘de-individuated’ state of reduced private
self-awareness. Rather, anonymity makes group identities more salient and hence
leads to more, not less, conformity to relevant situational norms. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Key reading: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232560381_Deindividuation_and_Antinormative_Behavior_A_Meta-Analysis"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Postmes
& Spears (1998)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgtV_VHAVOO05OJQBEs0Pzuk4eRG4SUA5pcofCQtlyOs6Bsnxy7uPQmIDe7Jf2i0bsCVZtXfaGhusyk61x845VV4em9cYgDJmQiDbOUFlhmA8ROHpluZ2FNYEf8rzr4GfESmiKG-cEhM9NbhPp8_RE3y571CBd63pSEXhEQC5P80EZKkBs4olioI5eMi1g" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgtV_VHAVOO05OJQBEs0Pzuk4eRG4SUA5pcofCQtlyOs6Bsnxy7uPQmIDe7Jf2i0bsCVZtXfaGhusyk61x845VV4em9cYgDJmQiDbOUFlhmA8ROHpluZ2FNYEf8rzr4GfESmiKG-cEhM9NbhPp8_RE3y571CBd63pSEXhEQC5P80EZKkBs4olioI5eMi1g=w471-h314" width="471" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 13.3px; text-align: start;">Gustave Le Bon headstone</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 13.3px; text-align: start;">(Pierre-Yves Beaudouin / </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" style="background: none rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Main Page">Wikimedia Commons</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 13.3px; text-align: start;"> / </span><a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-size: initial !important; background: none white; color: #3366bb; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>)</div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2. Groupthink<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While groupthink is supposedly
a pitfall of small groups and organizations rather than crowds, I include it
here as it’s another example of an anti-collectivist concept. It is used loosely
by commentators to refer to any situation where group members prioritise the group’s
own ideas over critical or external views. For example, <a href="https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/06/09/why-groupthink-detracts-from-an-explanation-of-the-organisational-failures-of-the-uk-pandemic-response/"><span style="color: #fcff01;">some
of those involved in decision-making at the height of the Covid pandemic</span></a> have
used the idea of groupthink to explain organizational failures in decision-making.
The distinctive claim of the ‘groupthink’ concept is that highly cohesive
groups will be subject to concurrence-seeking at the expense of critical inquiry,
leading to faulty decisions. A big problem for this idea is that there is not
much evidence that greater cohesiveness leads to worse decision-making. Rather
than the tendency to ignore critical evidence being a function of groupness, it’s
more likely to be an effect of particular group norms (for example that value
loyalty).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Key reading: <a href="https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/groupthink-monument-truthiness"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Aldag
(2022)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. Mass panic<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Aside from the profound
problems of judging whether behaviour counts as ‘panic’ in an emergency (what <i>is</i>
reasonable behaviour in this situation?) and the related problem of trying to import
a polysemic everyday term into scientific explanation, there is another basic
problem. There is no evidence that people in crowds are typically uncontrolled,
selfish or competitive in emergencies. The common finding of <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00141/full"><span style="color: #fcff01;">social
support among people in emergencies</span></a> adds to the problems of this concept. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Key reading: <a href="https://www.asanet.org/wp-content/uploads/savvy/images/members/docs/pdf/featured/clarke.pdf"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Clarke
(2002)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4. Contagion <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of the most popular
concepts in the social and behavioural sciences, ‘contagion’ is often used synonymously
with spread and social influence. But there is little evidence that mere
exposure alone is sufficient to prompt emulation. Group boundaries in the
transmission of behaviours and emotions demonstrate this. Even for supposedly
basic processes like so-called emotional contagion, <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/heart-to-heart/heart-to-heart/CB0B46D84CDF7E5D5B93283B5E9C046C"><span style="color: #fcff01;">reviews
of the evidence</span></a> suggest that the mimicry involved is not automatic, but
rather relates to communication goals that already involve an emotional
orientation to the other person.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Key reading: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337708063_A_social_identity_model_of_riot_diffusion_From_injustice_to_empowerment_in_the_2011_London_riots"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Drury
et al. (2019)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5. The hooligan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The hooligan is a
concept from sociology more than psychology, but it is a good example of a
dispositional explanation. For the earliest beginnings of crowd psychology as a
science, some have claimed that crowd conflict occurs through the convergence
of certain kinds of individuals (usually with criminal, violent, or poorly
socialized dispositions). From the 1960s urban riots in the USA to the 2011
English riots, proponents of such ideas have failed to produce the required evidence.
In the football context, of course some groups seek conflict, but this in
itself can’t explain <i>collective</i> behaviour. As <a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Football_hooliganism/iXX1AwAACAAJ?hl=en"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Stott
and Pearson</span></a> explain, the 'hooligan' concept has little explanatory power: ‘disorder’
sometimes occurs when known ‘hooligans’ are not present; and when known
‘hooligans’ are present, ‘disorder’ doesn’t always take place. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Key reading: <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-16298-5"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Pearson &
Stott (2022)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6. Mob mentality<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An overarching zombie
idea, that links many of the above, but which also includes the distinctive
claims that in crowds people revert to a simpler, less intelligent, and more primitive
or archaic psychology, under the influence of which behaviour tends to gullibility, barbarism,
loss of control, and violence. The fundamental problem here is two-fold. First,
if this is a real tendency it cannot easily explain the majority of crowds,
which are peaceful and pro-social. Second, the suggestion of a universal
tendency like this cannot explain the social form of behaviour when there is crowd violence.
To explain the distinct targets of the sans culottes, urban rioters, football fans and many others, and the sophistication in even the most violent crowd, <a href="https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/chapter/Crowds_and_collective_behaviour/23478062"><span style="color: #fcff01;">it
makes better sense to refer to their identities, group norms, and values</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Key reading: <a href="http://bbcprisonstudy.org/includes/site/files/files/1984%20ejsp%20st%20pauls.pdf"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Reicher
(1984)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-16711136627228568702022-11-01T01:56:00.003-07:002022-11-01T01:56:34.410-07:00Case study: UK Covid mutual aid groups<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">By </span><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">John Drury & Evangelos Ntontis</span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: #fcff01;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">In 2020, </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/mar/16/community-aid-groups-set-up-across-uk-amid-coronavirus-crisis"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">tens of thousands of people</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> got involved in Covid mutual aid and similar community
support groups, with </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/08/pandemic-mutual-aid-politics-food-banks-welfare-state"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">over 4000 new groups</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">being
set up in Spring of that year. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Who
were they?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: #fcff01;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Many
participants were </span><a href="https://localtrust.org.uk/insights/research/briefing-6-rapid-research-covid-19/"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">new to volunteering</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> or community action. Some groups
were repurposed pre-existing community groups. Groups tended to be informal, distinct
from the existing voluntary sector, and with no formal constitution. </span><a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/covid19/2021/05/06/where-next-for-britains-4300-mutual-aid-groups/"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Some groups later applied for charitable status</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> to access grants more easily. Local
communities with more </span><a href="https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/blog/social-capital-and-response-covid-19/"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">social capital</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tended to have more mutual aid groups.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">What
did Covid mutual aid groups do?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: #fcff01;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutual
aid groups’ main activity was shopping to support those self-isolating or
shielding. They also engaged in </span><a href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11390-8"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">other community support activities,</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> including fundraising, providing
information, dog-walking, mental health support, and collecting prescriptions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some pointed out that </span><a href="https://www.newlocal.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Communities-Vs-Corona-Virus-The-Rise-of-Mutual-Aid.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">mutual aid groups were crucial</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> in the UK’s pandemic response. In
addition, many groups sought to respond to </span><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716202/full"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">other community needs beyond Covid</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, including food poverty and supporting
refugees. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Understanding
how Covid mutual aid groups sustained themselves <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: #fcff01;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Economic and Social Research Council funded </span><a href="https://www.sussex.ac.uk/research/projects/groups-and-covid/"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">research</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> to examine how Covid mutual aid groups sustained themselves over
time. Following the initial upsurge, participation in mutual aid groups
dropped, particularly after ‘lockdown’ restrictions eased. For example, activity
in Covid mutual aid groups on Facebook </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221242092200262X">dropped
by 75%</a> by June from the high point of March 2020.
</span><a href="https://psyarxiv.com/8gsr2/"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Some volunteers left</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
because they felt let down by local authorities, needed logistical
infrastructure, felt overwhelmed, lacked capacity, or lost motivation due to
return to ‘normality’. For the groups that continued, there was a need to
sustain themselves and maintain volunteers’ engagement over time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: #fcff01;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716202/full"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Interviews with organizers</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> and a two-wave<a href="https://psyarxiv.com/m4wpu/"> survey of volunteers</a> indicated three types
of factors that helped sustain groups. First, there was <i>group scaffolding</i>
– such as access to funds, space for meetings and storage, computing
facilities, and transport. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: #fcff01;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Second,
there were <i>group experiences</i> which arose from participation and
motivated further involvement -- including a sense of identity, </span><a href="https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/asap.12275"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">wellbeing, empowerment</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, and skills acquisition. Finally,
organizers employed various <i>group strategies</i> to enhance a sense of belonging
and motivate volunteers – in particular, fostering a culture of care, holding
social events, a flexible leadership structure, and regular communication. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Learnings:
Implications for community resilience<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Central
government, local authorities, and local infrastructure organizations/ the
formal voluntary sector can all help scaffold the group processes that sustain
mutual aid groups.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Group
scaffolding can comprise financial/ practical support, connections and links,
and guidance / advice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">It
is important that no ‘strings’ are attached to this external support, as it is
precisely the identity of mutual aid groups as independent and informal that makes
them trusted by communities.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-41066905332773911812022-07-18T08:32:00.002-07:002022-07-18T08:41:42.864-07:00Behavioural legacies of ‘freedom’ days<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">July 19<sup>th</sup>
last year (2021) was characterised as ‘freedom day’ by the UK government and media.
On that date, there were three notable changes in policy in relation to the
Covid pandemic: nightclubs were allowed to reopen, social distancing rules were
dropped, and the wearing of face coverings was no longer required by law.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As with <span style="color: #fcff01;">‘<a href="https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/crowdsidentities/2020/12/27/mitigating-the-new-variant-sars-cov-2-virus-how-to-support-public-adherence-to-physical-distancing/"><span style="color: #fcff01;">freedom
day</span></a>’</span> 2020, changes in public behaviour began <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandwellbeing/bulletins/coronavirusandthesocialimpactsongreatbritain/16july2021"><span style="color: #fcff01;">ahead
of the day</span></a> itself. The media fanfare ahead of the actual announcement
operated as a strong signal that measures such as face coverings were less
necessary due to a decline in the threat from the virus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">However,
the psychology and behaviour were somewhat at odds. In a <span style="color: #fcff01;"><a href="https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/psychology-freedom-day"><span style="color: #fcff01;">commentary</span></a>
</span>published a few weeks after ‘freedom day’ 2021, the British Psychological
Society COVID-19 Behavioural Science and Disease Prevention Taskforce observed
that ‘most adults (92%) said they continued to wear face coverings, while the
percentage of adults who said they ‘always’ or ‘often’ maintained physical
distancing was 53% (down from 63% just before ‘freedom day’) in the same
period. These data and other evidence therefore suggest that, for at least a
large proportion of the UK public, there was still a desire to maintain
protective behaviours’. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">While
there was therefore no large sudden drop in protective behaviours immediately
after ‘freedom day’ 2021, the Office for National Statistics has charted a
steady decline in key protective behaviours – use of face coverings, avoiding
crowded places – in the year since then, as well as a very concerning decline
in the rate of take-up of vaccinations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Yet
arguably it was the further abandonments of mitigation measures by the
government this year that have had a bigger impact than ‘freedom day’ 2021, and
certainly seem to be associated with the acceleration in the decline in
protective behaviours. In January this year, the prime minister announced the dropping
of (relatively limited) requirements to present Covid passes at certain venues
and events and the rule to wear face coverings on public transport and in
certain indoor locations, as well as the guidance to work remotely. (Indeed, the
term ‘freedom day’ was used for <a href="https://www.greenwoods.co.uk/article/freedom-day-in-england-20-january-or-is-it-27-january/"><span style="color: #fcff01;">January
2022</span></a>, not just July 2020 and 2021). Then, in February, the legal
requirement to self-isolate and the £500 isolation payment for people on low
incomes who are required to self-isolate were both dropped. And free Covid
testing stopped on 1 April this year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Today,
even as rates of Covid infection are sky-rocketing, only a minority are now
adopting protective measures such as face coverings. In-person meetings and events
are now the norm, and rates of self-isolation, already low, have dropped still further.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In order
to explain these patterns of public behaviour, it’s helpful to look at the same
factors that explained adherence in the first place.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">First,
there is perception of risk. There has been a step-change in the public’s
perceptions of the risks associated with Covid in the past six months or so. This
partly reflects a recognition that the vaccines have made the threat of serious
illness and death less likely for the vast majority. But it is also a function
of the way we think about illness – that in some way it’s now ‘ok’ or more acceptable
or accepted to be ill with Covid. Of course, if you are very ill or unable to
access a service because of illness in the workforce, then you can see that it isn’t
actually sustainable to accept these levels of illness. This is where the
government’s messaging comes in. They and their supporters have repeatedly told
us that the pandemic is over. (Many were surprised then at yet another Omicron
wave this summer.) In line with this, they have dismantled much of the machinery
set up to help in the pandemic response (including the advisory groups and some
of the surveillance). Like the government’s attempts almost to enforce
pre-pandemic norms (such as coming into the office), these actions have further
significantly impacted public perceptions of risk. In addition, perceptions of risk
have also been altered in terms of scope: there has been an unfortunate
reframing of risk to focus on ‘me’ the individual (mostly not going to die) rather
than ‘us’ the community (which includes large variations in levels of vulnerability).
These altered perceptions of risk have consequences for people’s willingness to
take up the offers of vaccine, as well as for behaviours such as mask-wearing.
It is no coincidence that the vaccine programme has stalled in the past six months,
with a significant minority still not vaccinated.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Second, there
are social norms. To see other people abandoning masks and embracing crowded
places operates as a form of evidence that in-person interaction is safer now
-- particularly when the other people involved are our reference groups. The
survey data suggests that most people see mitigation measures as important, but
<span style="color: #fcff01;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jul/05/pretending-covid-over-uk-government-virus-risk-public-health-measures"><span style="color: #fcff01;">think
that other people don’t feel the same way</span></a>.</span> These perceived norms drive
behaviour more than own attitudes do.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Third, there
is the role of support (or lack of it). Now, almost all support for protective
behaviours has been dropped. The ending of financial support for self-isolation
and the abolition of free testing for most people not only make it harder for
many people to do these things, but also again send a very strong signal that risk
is reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There has
been a struggle over the meaning of ‘<a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj.o575"><span style="color: #fcff01;">living with the virus</span></a>’. The
prevailing definition, in which we put up with repeated and sometimes long-term
illness, is in large part of function of so-called ‘freedom day’ 2021 and, more
so, the other government announcements to drop mitigations, which communicated
that the public could and should behave as though the virus doesn’t actually
exist.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-1844445644016943162022-07-04T07:56:00.004-07:002022-07-04T07:56:36.242-07:00Survivors’ experiences of informal social support in coping and recovering after the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/survivors-experiences-of-informal-social-support-in-coping-and-recovering-after-the-2017-manchester-arena-bombing/FC007B37852C2C980489BE843740B306#.YsL_YMZ4uiI.blogger">Survivors’ experiences of informal social support in coping and recovering after the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing</a>: <div><br /></div><div><div class="abstract-content" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="sec" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="bold" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: noto_sansbold, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Background</span><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Much of the psychosocial care people receive after major incidents and disasters is informal and is provided by families, friends, peer groups and wider social networks. Terrorist attacks have increased in recent years. Therefore, there is a need to better understand and facilitate the informal social support given to survivors.</p></div><div class="sec" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="bold" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: noto_sansbold, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aims</span><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">We addressed three questions. First, what is the nature of any informal support-seeking and provision for people who experienced the 2017 Manchester Arena terrorist attack? Second, who provided support, and what makes it helpful? Third, to what extent do support groups based on shared experience of the attack operate as springboards to recovery?</p></div><div class="sec" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="bold" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: noto_sansbold, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Method</span><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Semi-structured interviews were carried out with a purposive sample of 18 physically non-injured survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing, registered at the NHS Manchester Resilience Hub. Interview transcripts were thematically analysed.</p></div><div class="sec" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="bold" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: noto_sansbold, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Results</span><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Participants often felt constrained from sharing their feelings with friends and families, who were perceived as unable to understand their experiences. They described a variety of forms of helpful informal social support, including social validation, which was a feature of support provided by others based on shared experience. For many participants, accessing groups based on shared experience was an important factor in their coping and recovery, and was a springboard to personal growth.</p></div><div class="sec" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="bold" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: noto_sansbold, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Conclusions</span><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">We recommend that people who respond to survivors’ psychosocial and mental healthcare needs after emergencies and major incidents should facilitate interventions for survivors and their social networks that maximise the benefits of shared experience and social validation.</p><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-16702783422666901772022-04-10T00:33:00.001-07:002022-04-10T00:33:01.696-07:00Understanding collective flight responses to (mis)perceived hostile threats in Britain 2010-2019: a systematic review of ten years of false alarms in crowded spaces<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13669877.2022.2049622#.YlKH0Rbows0.blogger">Understanding collective flight responses to (mis)perceived hostile threats in Britain 2010-2019: a systematic review of ten years of false alarms in crowded spaces</a>: (2022). Understanding collective flight responses to (mis)perceived hostile threats in Britain 2010-2019: a systematic review of ten years of false alarms in crowded spaces. Journal of Risk Research. <div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-25465270004677099372021-12-31T10:53:00.000-08:002021-12-31T10:53:57.538-08:00Three forms of Covid leadership<p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If the Covid pandemic has made one thing is clear, it is that we are interdependent in terms of risk and safety. So a collective response is required. From distancing, through ventilation, to vaccination programmes, decisions needed to be taken at the level of the whole community, society, and indeed the world. We need a coordinated response that prioritizes and supports the most urgent actions. Leadership is therefore essential. Three forms of leadership have been particularly evident over the course of the pandemic: identity leadership, coercive leadership, and laissez faire leadership. Only one of these is actually effective in enabling the collective response we need.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sipr.12075"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Identity leadership</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is true leadership, in that it leads to active engagement by ‘followers’. It attempts to create unity and a shared perspective on the problem and the solution, and to support effective action by the public. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Assumptions of this approach</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: The public have the intention and capacity to do the right thing, if properly informed and supported. Understanding the <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00141/full"><span style="color: #fcff01;">public as part of the solution</span></a>, not the problem. Treating the public as a resource and a partner.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Practices</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: Bring the public with you through engagement, promoting mitigations on the basis of shared identity and values. Embodying those values. Giving clear direction based on ‘who we are’ (shared interests, needs, and values). Regulations and rules (e.g., mask mandates) as a way of promoting norms and shared definitions of seriousness. Explaining the rationale behind measures. Working with community support groups, including <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716202/full"><span style="color: #fcff01;">mutual aid groups</span></a>, by listening to them and supporting them materially. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Examples</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: <a href="https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sipr.12075"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Haslam et al</span></a>. offer several examples including Bonnie Henry, who focused on her connections with her fellow British Columbians get them to listen to and embrace the demanding course of action that she was proposing. But perhaps the most cited example is that of New Zealand prime minister <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pops.12726"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Jacinda Adern’s use of identity rhetoric</span></a> to mobilize her citizens.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pros and Cons</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: May require considerable time and effort. Finding the leaders who have the required skills, background and motivation. But over two decades of research on the social psychology of leadership suggests that this approach will get the most active engagement and results.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Coercive leadership<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21693293.2013.765740"><span style="color: #fcff01;">‘command and control’ approach to managing emergencies</span></a> has a long history. It occurs where the authorities have given up with, or don’t try, the more painstaking practices of engagement -- which include listening as well as talking. It represents a failure of leadership.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Assumptions of this approach</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: The public are a problem: they are wilfully obstructive or stupid or passive and ignorant.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Practices</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: As the public are assumed to be obstructive or stupid, forms of threat and punishment are foregrounded, including fines and imprisonment; and the mechanisms for such coercion are strengthened, such as surveillance and policing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Examples</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-54320482"><span style="color: #fcff01;">£10K fines</span></a> for failing to self-isolate. Compulsory vaccination.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pros and <a href="https://www.independentsage.org/independent-sage-briefing-note-on-use-of-punishments-in-the-covid-response/"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Cons</span></a></span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: These approaches produce backfire effects among sections of the public, whereby the public health measures are perceived as impositions and become a site of struggle and resistance. Coercion creates long-term damage to the relationship with the authorities. It may lead to compliance in some people in the short-term, but in the longer term these people will be less likely to listen and engage with public health messages and policies.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laissez faire leadership<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This approach is the <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/leadership-abdication-don-gleason/"><span style="color: #fcff01;">abdication of leadership</span></a>. Under the guise of relying on public ‘common sense’ and ‘resilience’, it entails abandoning moral and practical support.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Assumptions of this approach</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: This approach assumes that correct understandings of risk and mitigation already exist in each individual’s ‘common sense’, that each individual is solely responsible for outcomes, and therefore that the public can be blamed (as ‘irresponsible’) when things go badly, providing a rationale for adopting the coercive approach instead.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Practices:</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Advice to ‘be cautious’, ‘stay alert’, and use ‘common sense’, instead of specific guidance. Emphasis on ‘personal judgement’. Dropping all rules and regulations. Limited material support.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Example</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: July 19th 2021 so-called <a href="https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/psychology-freedom-day"><span style="color: #fcff01;">‘freedom day’</span></a> in the UK entailed dropping most of the rules and the mask mandate but failing to provide the public with the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spi-b-sustaining-behaviours-to-reduce-sars-cov-2-transmission-30-april-2021"><span style="color: #fcff01;">recommended education on risk and mitigation</span></a> that would enable informed decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pros and Cons</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">: ‘Common sense’ is a repository of competing ideas. Without clear guidance, exhortations like ‘be cautious’ are open to multiple interpretations: what does it actually mean in practice? Unlike rules specifying behaviour – such as ‘stay home’ – it’s not clear to do with this advice on ‘how to feel’. By individualizing judgements of risk, there is a danger of people seeing risk simply in personal terms rather than in terms of others (including those more vulnerable than themselves). Worse, insufficient material support (including proper compensation for staying home and support for safe schools) means that, even where people understand how to act safely, they don’t have the resources to do so. Without </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">clear leadership representing the collective will and properly organized support to equip members of the public with the knowledge they need to make informed decisions, this approach risks a chaotic and dangerous individualism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-60166976550826487062021-09-09T05:33:00.001-07:002021-09-09T05:33:16.158-07:00HOW CAN WE SAFELY RE-OPEN LIVE EVENTS?<p> New briefing from Independent SAGE:<span style="background-color: #fcff01; color: #fcff01;"> <a href="https://www.independentsage.org/how-can-we-safely-re-open-live-events/">https://www.independentsage.org/how-can-we-safely-re-open-live-events/ </a></span></p>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-34587196548809132452021-04-27T12:08:00.001-07:002021-04-27T12:08:23.929-07:00Health certificates for COVID-19: what our review of research evidence implies for UK ‘vaccine passport’ policies<p><span style="color: #fcff01;"> <a href="https://covidandsociety.com/health-certificates-covid-19-global-review-research-evidence-implies-for-uk-vaccine-passport-policies/">https://covidandsociety.com/health-certificates-covid-19-global-review-research-evidence-implies-for-uk-vaccine-passport-policies/ </a></span></p>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-48305264920110642212020-12-24T07:19:00.037-08:002020-12-27T08:34:22.958-08:00Mitigating the new variant SARS-CoV-2 virus: How to support public adherence to physical distancing <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Journalists often ask me how the public will behave
when the next set of Covid-19 restrictions begins. Will they accept the rules
or ignore them? This matters crucially right now. With rising infections in
many areas of the country, and with the new variant of the virus rampant, physical
distancing and other behavioural interventions are more important than ever.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The first thing I point out in response is that adherence to most of the behavioural regulations
has been very high (<a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/Coronavirus-in-the-UK-cluster-analysis.pdf"><span style="color: #fcff01;">often
over 90%</span></a>) throughout the pandemic. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The second thing I say is that adherence to physical
distancing and avoiding contacts with others <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandwellbeing/bulletins/coronavirusandthesocialimpactsongreatbritain/20november2020#physical-contact"><span style="color: #fcff01;">goes
up in lockdown periods</span></a> This probably reflects the recognition in the public
that the greater restrictions signal greater need to adopt the mitigating measures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Yet both anecdotes and the survey data suggest that
adherence to 2m physical distancing declined in early December following the
end of the second ‘lockdown’. It’s worth looking more closely at these dynamics
of physical distancing, because this behaviour is perhaps the most visible form
of adherence, and it is the one where breaches are often the subject of critical
comments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The <a href="https://b6bdcb03-332c-4ff9-8b9d-28f9c957493a.filesusr.com/ugd/3d9db5_56829e7218df4524b304636d226a6198.pdf"><span style="color: #fcff01;">UCL
Covid-19 Social Study</span></a> (data collected up to 13<sup>th</sup> December) shows
that ‘complete’ and ‘majority’ compliance went up during the November
‘lockdown’, but that ‘as these [restrictions] have been eased in the past
month, compliance has started to decrease again’. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The<span style="color: #fcff01;"> <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandwellbeing/bulletins/coronavirusandthesocialimpactsongreatbritain/11december2020"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Office
for National Statistics weekly survey</span></a></span> for data collected in the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;">period 2 to 6 December noted a drop
(albeit small) in distancing behaviour (whereas for other protective behaviours
the compliance rate remained high).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6NnSHh0Jz7Q/X-SvoCtFKfI/AAAAAAAAASo/6HeVOfrOe-EwLXp5u1furEyv-0slajpSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s881/ONS.png" style="background-color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="881" height="221" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6NnSHh0Jz7Q/X-SvoCtFKfI/AAAAAAAAASo/6HeVOfrOe-EwLXp5u1furEyv-0slajpSQCLcBGAsYHQ/w589-h221/ONS.png" width="589" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: medium;">Journalists and others are ready to frame any such
decline in adherence to physical distancing as<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/21/new-covid-variant-in-uk-spreading-christmas-fear">
<span style="color: #fcff01;">public ‘fatigue’</span></a> - an ‘explanation’ we have heard from <a href="https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjso.12393"><span style="color: #fcff01;">the
beginning of the pandemic</span></a>.</span></p></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">It is true, of course, that the behavioural
interventions are hard to endure – and some (such as self-isolation) are a lot
harder than others (such as handwashing). But<span style="color: #fcff01;"> <a href="https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/10/26/the-concept-of-fatigue-in-tackling-covid-19/"><span style="color: #fcff01;">recent
analysis of public responses</span></a></span> over the course of the pandemic is not
consistent with the notion of ‘fatigue’. The review showed that (1) Overall
adherence has been high, as already mentioned (2) There is not a linear decline
(3) Intention has also remained high.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What is the real psychology that determines levels of
adherence to physical distancing? There is now plenty of evidence on the psychological
predictors. First, <a name="_Hlk59617360"></a><a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.20120808v2"><span style="color: #fcff01;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;">knowledge</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #fcff01;"> </span>and </span></span><a href="https://psyarxiv.com/vx3mn/"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial; color: #fcff01;">perception of risk</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;"> matter. Second, there is the belief
that physical distancing is </span></span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589791820300098"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial; color: #fcff01;">effective </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;">in providing protection. Third, </span></span><a href="https://psyarxiv.com/ek69g"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial; color: #fcff01;">a number of studies</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;"> show that </span></span><a href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-76122020000400714&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en"><span style="color: #fcff01;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;">social norms</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">,</span> and in
particular whether </span><a href="https://psyarxiv.com/u74wc/"><span style="color: #fcff01; mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;">relevant others</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"> are doing the
same, predicts own adherence. Fourth, group identification has been found to be
a predictor, including </span><a href="https://psyarxiv.com/ydt95/"><span style="color: #fcff01; mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;">national </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;">identification
and identification with the </span><a href="https://psyarxiv.com/g9q5u/"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">family</span>. </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;">Fifth, linked
to this, we physically distance as a way of caring for others, and so </span><a href="https://psyarxiv.com/y2cg5/"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">empathy for those most</span> <span style="color: #fcff01;">vulnerable</span></span></span><span style="color: #fcff01; mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #fcff01;"> </span>to the virus is also a predictor. Finally,
a n</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;">egatively predictor is </span></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7493799/"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">low trust</span> <span style="color: #fcff01;">in
government</span></span></span><span style="color: #fcff01; mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #fcff01;">.</span> </span>T<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;">his last point ties in with what we know
about predictors of other behavioural mitigations, </span></span><a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.20215376v1"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial; color: #fcff01;">confidence in
government action</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-size: initial;">
against the virus, being one of the most important.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk59617360;"></span>
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Levels of public adherence to physical distancing have
varied over time. There is evidence that key public events have affected the
psychological predictors and hence adherence to distancing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In May, there was a clear reduction in reported
distancing (identified in both the ONS survey and the UCL Covid-19 Social
Study) which appeared to be linked to two developments. First there was a
change in the messaging (from<span style="color: #fcff01;"> <a href="https://www.independentsage.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Messaging-paper-FINAL-1-1.pdf"><span style="color: #fcff01;">‘stay
home’ to ‘stay alert’</span></a>);</span> this impacted upon people’s understanding of what
they should actually do, as it was an injunction about how to feel rather than a
specific behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Also in May, there was for some people an alienation
from the government in response to the <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31690-1/fulltext"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Cummings
incident</span></a>, which starkly revealed that while most people would be fined
for breaking the rules, some would not. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_4sVxO3HCio/X-SvyysySbI/AAAAAAAAASs/TF9BYqSDSl8ZsdJJ3_snkoegorV9pZTEwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1121/Liz.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="1121" height="303" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_4sVxO3HCio/X-SvyysySbI/AAAAAAAAASs/TF9BYqSDSl8ZsdJJ3_snkoegorV9pZTEwCLcBGAsYHQ/w508-h303/Liz.png" width="508" /></span></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There was a further decline in adherence levels in
July. This appeared to be a result of a <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/public-behaviour-in-response-to-the-covid19-pandemic-understanding-the-role-of-group-processes/C64F5D829F100ED0D052923F8CD7A7B8"><span style="color: #fcff01;">signalling
effect</span> </a>whereby there was a media fanfare around ‘freedom’ and ‘end of
lockdown’ leading up to the relaxation of restrictions on July 4th. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The decline in public adherence to physical distancing
observed in early December may be due to a signalling effect similar to that in
July. The positive publicity around the vaccine (approved December 2nd), the
announcement of the relaxation for 5 days at Christmas (made on 24th November),
and the ending of the second ‘lockdown’ (December 2nd) all came at the same
time. Together they may well have communicated that risk is now lower and
therefore less stringent adherence to physical distancing is required. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But with rising Covid infections in many areas of the
country, and with the new variant of the virus at large, physical distancing
and other behavioural interventions are more important than ever. For the public,
it’s worth reminding ourselves that:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/892043/S0484_Transmission_of_SARS-CoV-2_and_Mitigating_Measures.pdf"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Physical
distancing works</span></a> (efficacy)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;">Most
of your neighbours and wider circle are observing physical distancing most of
the time (norms)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;">Think
of those most vulnerable to the virus (empathy)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;">Do
it for ‘us’ as a way of showing you care (group identification)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For the UK government, it’s
important to avoid those actions that undermine these public beliefs and
perceptions, and to increase those actions that support public understanding of
and engagement with physical distancing and the other mitigating behaviours.
This would mean:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;">Respond
early to the threat instead of <a href="https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjso.12393"><span style="color: #fcff01;">leaving
it too late</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.independentsage.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Messaging-paper-FINAL-1-1.pdf"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Avoiding
hyperbolic messaging</span></a> on future ‘successes’<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Provide<span style="color: #fcff01;">
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/emgspi-b-mitigating-risks-of-sars-cov-2-transmission-associated-with-household-social-interactions-26-november-2020"><span style="color: #fcff01;">practical
advice</span></a></span> on areas of risk and precise behavioural mitigations, in particular
around close contact</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-50383065842490966542020-06-11T13:35:00.003-07:002020-06-11T23:21:43.361-07:00After George Floyd: Why does civil unrest spread between cities?<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4">Protests and riots that began in Minneapolis after police killed an unarmed African American have now spread to over 23 states. I recently led a large-scale programme of research on the wave of riots in England in 2011 to address the question of how such events spread. The UK and US waves were different in important ways – most obviously, in the US many of the collective events have been peaceful protests, whereas in England only the initial protest was peaceful. Yet there are some striking similarities between them, as well as with other waves of riots. This similarity suggests that some of the same processes are operating.<o:p></o:p></font></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">I</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">t's necessary to begin by examining the meaning of the precipitating incident and the social categories involved. What did ‘they’ do, and who are ‘we’?<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">In Minneapolis 2020, as in </span><a href="https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article-abstract/57/4/964/2623988"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Tottenham in 2011</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> (and as in Watts 1965, Brixton 1981 and many others), actions by police officers against an individual </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">encapsulated the <i>whole relationship</i> between a wider group and an institution. In each case, the violence inflicted was seen as embodying the history of relations between police and Black / African-American people, where police harassment, assault, and collective humiliation were a daily experience.<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4"><a href="https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=beyond-contagion-report-for-the-guardian-january-2019.pdf&site=557"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Our research</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> found that a local history of police harassment was key predictor of which districts rioted in London in 2011. Other predictors were local deprivation and negative attitudes to the police. Research in the US has found that race is another predictor of where riots occur. These factors correlate, of course: African-Americans are more likely to live in deprived districts and to be subject to police harassment and killing.<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">But these factors are relatively constant. They help explain which cities riot, but they don’t tell us when and how</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> protest or rioting in one city influences people in other cities to join a wave. <o:p></o:p></span></font></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4">We found three types of social-psychological processes that helped explain how a wave occurs. <o:p></o:p></font></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">First, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">there is </span><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2650"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">spread via a shared identity</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> with those in other cities. This is where people in different locations each define themselves in terms of a similar shared history of injustice at racist policing and resistance to that injustice. Our interviewees said of the police killing of Mark Duggan in 2011, ‘that could have been me’ and ‘that could have been my friends’. This shared identity</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> with those rioting in response to the killing provided a normative motivation to do the same in their own district: the police needed to be shown that they cannot get away with murder. In the case of the George Floyd events, African American identity, defined in terms of a history of police violence, is clearly a key factor leading people in many cities to feel the same sense of injustice and anger as those in Minneapolis. For these people, and for others who feel solidarity with African Americans, action to express that sense of injustice – including punishing the police – is an enactment of common identity.<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Second, there is a process that social movement researchers call capacity to mobilize and protest researchers call collective efficacy. In our research, we use the term <i>empowerment</i>. This captures the experience of one’s social relations becoming transformed as power shifts from the police to the crowd. In the English riots, some participants didn’t necessarily identify with the original rioters. But they could see that a common outgroup -- the police – were becoming weakened. This empowered them to participate in their own area, including going beyond the initial issue to enact </span><a href="applewebdata://588F27ED-F1D7-4CD5-9480-708A818F7916/The%20evolving%20normative%20dimensions%20of%20%E2%80%98riot%E2%80%99:%20Towards%20an%20elaborated%20social%20identity%20explanation%20The%20question%20of%20how%20normative%20form%20changes%20during%20a%20riot,%20and%20thus%20how%20collective%20behaviour%20spreads%20to%20different%20targets%20and%20locations,%20has%20been%20neglected%20in%20previous%20research,%20despite%20its%20theoreti...%20onlinelibrary.wiley.com"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">long-standing grievances and desires</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">. <o:p></o:p></span></font></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">People’s perceptions of the identity and empowerment of others was crucial. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">They came onto the streets when they not only identified with the other location or were empowered by police weakness but also believed that others locally felt the same way. This in turn was </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">the basis of expectations of support for ingroup normative actions – in this case against the police and some properties.<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4">The third process that helps explain riot spread concerns <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341205406_How_crowd_violence_arises_and_how_it_spreads_A_critical_review_of_theory_and_evidence">police perceptions</a>. We found that previous rioting led to a heightened level of organizational vigilance in the police. This state of expectancy can lead to pre-emptive forms of police intervention -- such as violent dispersal of a non-violent crowd. Where people in the crowd experience these police actions as illegitimate and indiscriminate, there are significant unintended consequences. Such actions by police serve to unite the crowd – both those who did not originally intend to fight and those who did -- around a new norm of fighting back against the police. <o:p></o:p></font></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: yellow;"><font size="4">Some of the coverage of the current wave of US riots has tried to suggest that powerful agitators are involved, with the implication that the crowd is easily swayed. Like the ‘contagion’ metaphor that is so frequently employed in these contexts, it suggests an unthinking crowd and therefore detracts from the meaningfulness of crowd action. Notions of mindless influence do not explain who joins in (and who doesn’t). Nor do they explain the widespread selectivity of targets. Such notions also let the authorities off the hook. As our research has shown, and the events across the US illustrate, the spread of riots is a complex social phenomenon grounded in collective definitions of identity, injustice, and changing power relations between groups.</font></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-84691143819037158992020-06-01T05:51:00.001-07:002020-06-01T05:52:13.178-07:00The psychology of physical distancing <a href="https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/psychology-physical-distancing">The psychology of physical distancing - The Psychologist</a>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-36753463353714993802020-05-07T04:58:00.001-07:002020-06-01T05:53:00.093-07:00Why collective behaviour will get us through the Covid-19 pandemic<a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/51930#.XrP3xFewTRs.blogger">Why collective behaviour will get us through the Covid-19 pandemic</a>: Sussex psychologist Professor John Drury is among a group of behaviour scientists giving the UK government guidance during the coronavirus pandemic.Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-51759310560156836632020-03-14T04:16:00.000-07:002020-03-14T04:17:40.368-07:00Don’t personalise, collectivise!<div style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.000000953674316px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: yellow;">Don’t personalise, collectivise!</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">The way we deal with the coronavirus is bound up with the way we think about society and about the individual. And the problem is that we are in danger of getting it wrong on all counts, with the consequence that we will be less effective in containing the virus. There is nothing new about us being wrong. But this time, lives are at stake.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">The assumption, which is reflected in the advice being handed out to the public, is that the way to change behaviour is to appeal to individual interests. To make sure people take notice, personalise the message: ‘change your behaviour so that you will survive’. Surely that makes sense? Well no. It is precisely the wrong thing to do. Here’s why. </span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">At a practical level, those least at risk (young, fit, healthy) may well feel it isn’t worthwhile to make the necessary changes and so continue to act in ways that put the most vulnerable (old and infirm) at risk of infection. Additionally, at a moral level, we have the right to disregard dangers to ourselves and some even glory in being risk takers. It might be foolish, but it isn’t disreputable to ignore safety advice.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">On top of this, if we frame things individually – look after yourself! – we run into difficulties when it comes to getting people to behave in ways that are inconvenient to themselves but benefit others (self quarantining, for instance). The same goes when it comes to distributing scarce resources (doctors time, medicines, hand gel etc.). If we prioritise the individual then the strongest rather than the neediest will win out. In both cases, the pursuit of self-interest is inefficient, it undermines the overall response to the crisis and many more will die. </span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Our own research on emergencies (Drury et al., 2019) shows that it is precisely when people <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">stop </em>thinking in terms of ‘I’ and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">start</em> thinking in terms of ‘we’ – more technically, when they develop a sense of shared social identity – that they start to coordinate, support each-other and ensure that the neediest get the greatest help. Sometimes this sense of shared identity emerges by the very fact of experiencing a common threat. But messaging also matters. When a threat is framed in group rather than individual terms, the public response is more robust and more effective (Carter et al., 2013).</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">So, let’s look again at the coronavirus response. Instead of personalising the issue we need to collectivise it. The key issue is not so much ‘will I survive’ as ‘how do we get through it’. The emphasis must lie on how we can act to ensure that the most vulnerable amongst us are protected and losses to the community are minimised – after all, from a collective perspective, a loss to one is a loss to all.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">If framed in this way, then it becomes important for everyone to wash their hands and cover their coughs because of the implications for others as well as for themselves. Moreover, while we might have a right to take risks for ourselves, we have a moral obligation to avoid imposing risks on others (especially those who are vulnerable and connected to us – just think how your driving changes when you have children in the car). Both of these considerations are powerful motivators of action (Reicher & Haslam, 2009).</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">What is more, once certain actions become communal issues subject to collective norms, then violating them invokes collective pressure. The best way to stop people going out when unwell or demanding resources they need less than others is not simply to change internal motivations but also to mobilise external disapproval. The feverish person who goes to work, the fit young person demanding access to A&E will be best dissuaded when the community comes together to make clear that these are not acceptable behaviours.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Once you collectivise the response to coronavirus, and once you create clear norms about maximising community well-being, then you become less reliant upon external forces such as the police to regulate behaviours – say around who is prioritised in getting medical help – with all the risk of clashes that entails. Instead, the community itself will constrain would-be deviants in their midst. As always, the best regulation is collective self-regulation (Reicher et al., 2004). </span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">The difficulty with this approach, of course, is that it is so much at odds with contemporary psychological commonsense, which insists that behaviour is governed by individual self interest. It is also at odds with social changes which relentlessly undermine communities and collectivities, seek to transform social groups into individual consumers and view every relationship as a market based interpersonal exchange. In this sense, perhaps coronavirus is a powerful wake-up call. </span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">We have to change the way we frame the epidemic.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">We have to change we see the individual and society.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">We have to collectivise – or we die.</span></div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: yellow;">Stephen Reicher, University of St. Andrews</span></em></div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: yellow;">John Drury, University of Sussex</span></em></div>
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: yellow;">References</span></strong><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Holly%20Carter" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="Holly Carter">Carter, H.</a>, <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=John%20Drury" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="John Drury">Drury, J.</a>, <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=G.%20James%20Rubin" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="G. James Rubin">Rubin, G.</a>, <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Richard%20Williams" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Williams">Williams, R.</a> and <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Richard%20Aml%C3%B4t" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Amlôt">Amlôt, R.</a> (2013), "The effect of communication during mass decontamination", <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/0965-3562" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Disaster Prevention and Management</em></a>, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 132-147. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561311325280" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561311325280">https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561311325280</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Drury, J., Carter, H., Cocking, C., Ntontis, E., Tekin Guven, S., & Amlôt, R. (2019). <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00141/full" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;">Facilitating collective psychosocial resilience in the public in emergencies: Twelve recommendations based on the social identity approach</a>. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Frontiers in Public Health, 7</em> (141) doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00141</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Drury, J., & Alfadhli, K. (2019). Social identity, emergencies and disasters. In R. Williams, S. Bailey, B. Kamaldeep, S. A. Haslam, C. Haslam, V. Kemp, & D. Maughan (Eds). <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Social scaffolding: Applying the lessons of contemporary social science to health, public mental health and healthcare</em>. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Drury, J., Cocking, C., & Reicher, S. (2009). The nature of collective resilience: Survivor reactions to the 2005 London bombings. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters</em>, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">27</em>(1), 66-95.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Drury, J., Cocking, C., & Reicher, S. (2009). Everyone for themselves? A comparative study of crowd solidarity among emergency survivors. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">British Journal of Social Psychology</em>, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">48</em>(3), 487-506.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561311325280" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561311325280"></a>Reicher, S. D., & Haslam, S. A. (2009). Beyond help: a social psychology of social solidarity and social cohesion. In M. Snyder, & S. Sturmer (Eds.), <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Psychology of Prosocical Behaviour </em>Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. </span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Vilas, X., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2012). Moral obligation: A forgotten dimension in the analysis of collective action. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Revista de Psicología Social</em>, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">27</em>(3), 369-375.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Stephen%20Reicher" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="Stephen Reicher">Reicher, S.</a>, <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Clifford%20Stott" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="Clifford Stott">Stott, C.</a>, <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Patrick%20Cronin" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="Patrick Cronin">Cronin, P.</a> and <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Otto%20Adang" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="Otto Adang">Adang, O.</a> (2004), "An integrated approach to crowd psychology and public order policing", <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1363-951X" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Policing: An International Journal</em></a>, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 558-572. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510410566271" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" title="DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510410566271">https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510410566271</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Stott, C., Adang, O., Livingstone, A., & Schreiber, M. (2008). Tackling football hooliganism: A quantitative study of public order, policing and crowd psychology. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 14</em>(2), 115-141. doi:10.1037/a0013419</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Originally published in The Psychologist: https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-33/april-2020/coronavirus-psychological-perspectives</span></div>
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Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-2809199100363560842019-12-31T07:39:00.001-08:002020-01-02T00:37:03.010-08:00Ten things I learned from being editor of the British Journal of Social Psychology<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
Today (31<sup>st</sup> December 2019) I step down from being editor of the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/20448309"><span style="color: yellow;">British Journal of Social Psychology</span></a> (BJSP), a post I have occupied for three years, shared with Hanna Zagefka (Royal Holloway University of London). The occasion has prompted me to review some of the things I have learned (or views I have developed) from the role. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Before I do that, it is worth explaining what being an editor entails. The following applies to BJSP but is also true of many other academic journals. The basic bread-and-butter job of the editor (also called ‘chief editor’ or ‘editor-in-chief’) is triage. This means that when submissions come into the journal, the editor decides whether they should be considered further or rejected there and then (‘desk-rejection). If the editor thinks a submission merits further consideration, s/he forwards it to one of the journal’s <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/20448309/homepage/editorialboard.html"><span style="color: yellow;">associate editors</span></a>. These are the people that invite the reviewers. The reviewers might be people listed as on the journal’s editorial board as ‘editorial consultants’, but more likely they are anyone the associate editor regards as most appropriate and willing to provide expert refereeing for the particular submission. <o:p></o:p></div>
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So, if you are considering any of these roles, you might find useful some of my thoughts on editing a journal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>1. Co-editing is good<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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In the past, a single editor-in-chief was the norm. Today, shared editorships are becoming more common. Sharing the editorship is helpful for a number of reasons. First, you benefit from each other’s experience and judgement. In my case, Hanna’s decision-making presented solutions to numerous tricky problems that I struggled over. Second, and more practically, sharing the load allows breaks from triage and enables holidays without a backlog building up.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>2. Reviews are not decisions; associate editors use their judgement to make decisions<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Editors receiving reviews should use these reviews to make their judgements about a submission. You may be surprised to learn, however, that for some journals (not ours) the editor stands back, and exercises little of their own judgement. They treat the reviews as if speaking for themselves. This means that for a ‘revise and resubmit’ they automatically send the revision out for review again. In my view, this is sometimes a waste of time. Even where a significant revision is required, if the editor has the expertise to judge whether the author has made the necessary changes (and can determine that these changes have not adversely affected the rest of the paper) a second round of reviews is not necessary. If the editor needs the extra expertise then send it out again, but otherwise the editor’s job is not to stand back but to think for him- or herself. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>3. Manage your associate editors<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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It follows from the point above that it is necessary to appoint associate editors with the range of expertise sufficient to cover the types of papers that get submitted to the journal. So you need to find out what kind of thing gets submitted, what kinds of topics are submitted most often, and who in the discipline has knowledge in that area. There is another consideration, however. When I look at the lists of associate editors for some journals, I think either the journal doesn’t have many submissions, or those associate editors are burned out. At BJSP, we managed the issue of the workload of associate editors by appointing a large number of them, to spread the load. This makes it more likely that your associate editors will get to their allocated submissions in time and that they will give them the care and attention they need.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>4. Triage is emotional labour<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Just as it’s exciting to find promising and interesting submissions in the editor’s inbox, there is an emotional cost to handling the rejections. As authors ourselves, we know the pain of a rejected paper. We know the time and effort that has gone in. At BJSP, in common with many journals, the desk-reject rate at triage is around 50% (and the total rejection rate closer to 85%). That’s a lot of disappointing news to give.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>5. Give rejected authors something constructive <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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At the triage stage, rejections occur for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, papers are rejected because authors are not familiar with the culture of research publishing. The editor has a responsibility to help these aspiring authors learn something, even if it’s simple things like the presentation of statistics. In fact, the same is true of more experienced authors who might also get rejected at this stage. It is incumbent on editors to include in the rejection letter something constructive that the authors can use as they take their work forward.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>6. It’s hard to spot top papers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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One of the pieces of advice I remember receiving in a discussion about improving the journal’s impact factor was to identify early those papers that are likely to be well-received. But this turned out to be much harder to do than you might imagine (at least for me). Quite a few of those submissions that I thought would likely get a lot of interest were rejected by the associate editor (and sometimes even desk-rejected), and one or two of those that I thought only just scraped in were among those most highly cited.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>7. Think carefully about special issues<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Another piece of advice we received was about special issues. It is widely thought that these are typically highly popular and highly cited. If you are an editor considering a call for a special issue, I suggest you check the data from your journal. While for some disciplines and journals, special issues always work, for others the articles in special issues actually get fewer people reading and citing them than normal articles. The lesson here is think carefully about the topic of the special issue. Is it one that large numbers are interested in or not?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>8. Keep an eye on the website<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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In the old days, of course, the triage role of the editor would be all there is, more or less. But since the journal will now have a website, and online versions which will be the principal way that readers access articles, in my view it is important to keep an eye on how the journal is being presented online. The job of managing the website will fall to the journal publishers, of course, but editors will be the best judge of content and so will have views on prominence of content across the site.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>9. Run a social media account<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Twitter is now clearly an excellent way of raising the profile of particular articles and indeed the journal as whole. The publisher will probably have their own Twitter account, but your name and profile can help in all promotion drives, and can result in greater interest in the journal from both readers (measured in both downloads and impact factor) and authors (measured in number and quality of submissions).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>10. Typesetting is not proof-reading<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Many journal publishers do not provide a full proof-read of the articles they publish. At all stages, associate editors and authors should be alerted to any presentational issues in their manuscript, and authors should check all drafts and proofs very carefully. Sometimes typesetters introduce new errors into a manuscript, so vigilance is required. <o:p></o:p></div>
Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-40521397196251213252019-12-27T13:09:00.001-08:002019-12-27T13:09:54.110-08:00Who controls the city?<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/YZHZGX8SZHU96KQ4TXAV/full?target=10.1080%2F13604813.2019.1685283">Who controls the city?</a>: (2019). Who controls the city? City: Vol. 23, No. 4-5, pp. 483-504.Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-2416368142596482932019-07-03T09:15:00.000-07:002019-07-03T09:15:38.803-07:00'There are no rioters in Hong Kong'<span style="color: yellow;">A new blogpost by Patricio Saavedra which provides a research perspective on the recent events in Hong Kong (July 2019)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/crowdsidentities/2019/07/03/there-are-no-rioters-in-hong-kong/"><span style="color: yellow;">https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/crowdsidentities/2019/07/03/there-are-no-rioters-in-hong-kong/</span></a><br />
<br />Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-54750046102429499212019-03-22T01:36:00.000-07:002019-03-22T01:37:12.285-07:00The social relations of 'stop & search'<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: yellow;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/31/police-stop-and-search-riots-2011-london">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/31/police-stop-and-search-riots-2011-london</a></span></span><br />
<br />Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-33468080546949887382018-08-07T10:30:00.004-07:002018-08-07T10:30:31.978-07:00How participation in collective action can change lives, and how those changes endure over timeby Sara Vestergren<br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: yellow;"><a href="https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/crowdsidentities/2018/08/07/how-participation-in-collective-action-can-change-lives/">https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/crowdsidentities/2018/08/07/how-participation-in-collective-action-can-change-lives/</a> </span></div>
Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-7697460136193687152018-07-19T07:13:00.002-07:002018-07-19T07:13:39.627-07:00What is a crowd? Implications for computer simulation <a href="http://www.peoplemovementonline.com/what-is-a-crowd-implications-for-computer-simulation-dr-anne-templeton-and-dr-john-drury/"><span style="color: yellow;">http://www.peoplemovementonline.com/what-is-a-crowd-implications-for-computer-simulation-dr-anne-templeton-and-dr-john-drury/</span></a>Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-14121283370638967522018-07-18T04:27:00.000-07:002018-07-18T04:27:40.358-07:00Responding to People’s Emotional Needs in an Emergency<a href="https://www.festivalinsights.com/2018/07/responding-peoples-emotional-emergency/">https://www.festivalinsights.com/2018/07/responding-peoples-emotional-emergency/</a> Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-70901867668652060742018-06-01T09:26:00.001-07:002018-06-01T09:26:59.939-07:00The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review: European Review of Social Psychology: Vol 29, No 1<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10463283.2018.1471948#.WxFzy6TcoY4.blogger">The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review: European Review of Social Psychology: Vol 29, No 1</a>: (2018). The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review. European Review of Social Psychology: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 38-81.Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-73368155340051061412018-04-25T13:53:00.001-07:002018-04-25T13:53:34.109-07:00UNDERSTANDING THE SPREAD OF RIOTING ACROSS A CITY AS CONTROL BY THE CROWD<a href="http://www.urbantransformations.ox.ac.uk/blog/2018/understanding-the-spread-of-rioting-across-a-city-as-control-by-the-crowd/"><span style="color: yellow;">http://www.urbantransformations.ox.ac.uk/blog/2018/understanding-the-spread-of-rioting-across-a-city-as-control-by-the-crowd/</span></a><br />
<br />Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-26022896283412130832017-11-25T08:46:00.004-08:002017-11-26T00:49:53.338-08:00A 10-point listicle on journalist accounts of the public responses to events in Oxford Street, November 2017<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A brief commentary for journalists and others on the events in Oxford Street, Friday 24th November 2017, when members of the public responded to fears of gunfire or a terrorist attack.</span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">1.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">In the </span><a href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/viral/witnesses-describe-panic-on-londons-oxford-street/vi-BBFBjZn"><span style="color: yellow;">footage from Oxford Street</span></a><span style="color: white;">,
many people are </span><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-42120534"><span style="color: yellow;">looking where they are going</span></a><span style="color: white;">,
assessing the situation, </span><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/24/oxford-circus-station-evacuated-armed-police-respond-incident2/" style="color: white;"><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">or otherwise moving in an
orderly way, or standing around</span></a><span style="color: white;"> etc. Only a few people scream.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">2.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">Research evidence
on emergency evacuations shows that </span><a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4c52/8ddeccef61d8408c4a33f976019f496f0181.pdf"><span style="color: yellow;">coordination and order is common</span></a><span style="color: white;">.
Pushing and trampling occurs rarely and </span><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Dont-Panic-Psychology-Emergency-Ingress/dp/0275962687" style="color: white;"><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">tends to be in narrow exits that
are unfamiliar</span></a><span style="color: white;">. Coordination reduces </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBRM.41.3.957" style="color: white;"><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">when people don’t see themselves
as a ‘we’ or ‘us’</span></a><span style="color: white;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">3.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: background1;">It is not
clear that the number of injuries reported is particularly high for the number
of people involved. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: yellow;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9228/1/CANTER_159.pdf"><span style="color: yellow;">Research on fires</span></a>
</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: background1;">shows that people often underestimate danger and/ or delay their exit (to
respond, to stay with others). This, not <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">over</i>-reaction,
is a main cause of fatalities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">5.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">Research
shows that </span><a href="http://drury-sussex-the-crowd.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/2011-year-of-contagion.html"><span style="color: yellow;">there isn’t indiscriminate ‘contagion’</span></a><span style="color: white;">.
People attend most to, and follow the example of, those they judge to be
relevant for the context, who are often people they define as similar to self. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">6.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">The word
‘panic’ was common in the news accounts, but </span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.1083/full"><span style="color: yellow;">researchers reject the term because
it is hard to evidence</span></a><span style="color: white;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">7.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: background1;">What is
gained by saying ‘panic’</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;"> (rather than 'fleeing') <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21693293.2013.765740"><span style="color: yellow;">is the implication that the
behaviour is an overreaction</span></a>,</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: background1;"> is unreasonable. But what should
people do when the information they have is that there is a threat? ‘Sudden fear’
or ‘fleeing’ are more neutral terms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">8.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">Journalists
seemed to describe responses as ‘panic’ because it wasn’t after all a real
emergency; but in </span><a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4c52/8ddeccef61d8408c4a33f976019f496f0181.pdf"><span style="color: yellow;">many real emergencies people
don’t know whether it is real or not</span></a><span style="color: white;"> (including fires and terrorist
attacks).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">9.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">A first
irony of the journalists’ use of the term ‘panic’ for the public response is
that </span><a href="http://www.securitydrivers.co.uk/file-manager/Pages/Blog/run-hide-tell.jpg"><span style="color: yellow;">the government’s advice is to
‘run’</span></a><span style="color: white;"> (this is not necessarily an endorsement).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">10.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: background1;">A second
irony is that the image of a vulnerable panic-prone public, rather than collectively
resilient, is precisely what ISIS and others seek to achieve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-57782296825107433992017-10-06T10:53:00.003-07:002017-10-06T10:54:27.032-07:00What happens after a disaster?<a href="http://discoversociety.org/2017/10/04/what-happens-after-a-disaster/" style="background-color: yellow;">http://discoversociety.org/2017/10/04/what-happens-after-a-disaster/</a><br />
<br />Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1365010173473854960.post-38842368467025788442017-08-28T00:54:00.000-07:002017-08-28T00:54:03.563-07:00 The social psychology of the Hajj<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1zXDnRjcALc/WaPIVvfYg3I/AAAAAAAAAJw/MakDH5VNZZ8YROA4t3wJdSKc0E6YFlk0wCLcBGAs/s1600/hajpic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="1008" height="220" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1zXDnRjcALc/WaPIVvfYg3I/AAAAAAAAAJw/MakDH5VNZZ8YROA4t3wJdSKc0E6YFlk0wCLcBGAs/s320/hajpic1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This
week, the annual Hajj takes place in Mecca (Makkah) and the other holy places
nearby. This Muslim pilgrimage is one of the world’s largest crowd events – <a href="http://www.data.gov.sa/en/general-authority-statistics"><span style="color: yellow;">the official figure for those
attending last year was 1,862,909</span></a>.
The Hajj has been called the world’s ‘global gathering’ because it is a place
where Muslims from all over the world come together. The Hajj has also been the
scene of a number of tragedies, including <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/03/hajj-crush-how-crowd-disasters-happen-and-how-they-can-be-avoided"><span style="color: yellow;">the crush in 2015</span></a> where over 700 people died at a
crossroads near the holy city of Mina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Despite
its global significance and importance to so many people, few psychological
studies have been carried out on the Hajj. Most research studies of the events are
from medical or engineering perspectives. Hani Alnabulsi, my PhD student, and I
recently had a unique opportunity to study the experience and behaviour of the
Hajj crowd, through his research on the 2011 and 2012 pilgrimages. As part of
his PhD at Sussex, Hani carried out dozens of interviews and surveyed over 1000
pilgrims, all in and around the Grand Mosque, Mecca. This unique data-set allowed
us to address a number of important questions on the social psychology of the
Hajj for the first time. Hani finished his PhD in 2015, and we are now in the
process of writing up the work as journal articles. Here is a summary of some
of the key findings.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-agC11MgrLgg/WaPInJ8QVvI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/3W1mxi-i-DsDRgsDK3D4-OiAzC3_9cw2gCLcBGAs/s1600/Inset%2Bshows%2Bdensity%2Bof%2B6ppm2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="914" height="174" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-agC11MgrLgg/WaPInJ8QVvI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/3W1mxi-i-DsDRgsDK3D4-OiAzC3_9cw2gCLcBGAs/s320/Inset%2Bshows%2Bdensity%2Bof%2B6ppm2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Inset shows density of 6ppm2 inside the Mosque</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How do people feel safe in such
dense crowds?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">In </span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/111/25/9091.full"><span style="color: yellow;">a first analysis</span></a><span style="color: white;">, we looked at predictors of feeling safe
in the Hajj crowd, which can reach densities of up to nine people per metre</span><sup style="color: white;">2</sup><span style="color: white;">
near the Ka’aba. We tested the hypothesis that the effect of crowd density on
feeling safe would vary depending on whether there is shared social
identification in the crowd. Analysis of the data showed that the negative
effect of crowd density on reported safety was indeed moderated by social
identification with the crowd. Whereas low identifiers reported reduced safety
with greater crowd density, high identifiers actually reported increased safety
with greater crowd density. Mediation analysis suggested that a reason that
some people felt safer was the perception that other crowd members were
supportive. We also found that those from Arab countries and Iran felt
especially safe at the Hajj compared with pilgrims from other countries. These
differences
in reported safety across national groups also seemed to be because these
groups experienced greater crowd identification and perceived support than
other groups. </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Psychological changes, including changed
attitudes to other social groups<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">Towards the end of </span><a href="http://al-rasid.com/shared_uploads/The.Autobiography.of.MalcolmX.pdf"><span style="color: yellow;">his
autobiography, the activist Malcolm X</span></a><span style="color: white;"> described in compelling terms the
revelation he experienced on attending the Hajj: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My pilgrimage broadened my scope. It blessed
me with new insight. In two weeks in the Holy Land, I saw what I had never seen
in thirty-nine years here in America. I saw all <i>races</i>, all <i>colors</i>,
- blue-eyed blonds to black-skinned Africans – in <i>true</i> brotherhood! In
unity! … It was in the Holy World that my attitude was changed, by what I
experienced there, and by what I witnessed there, in terms of brotherhood – not
just brotherhood toward me, but brotherhood between all men, of all
nationalities and complexions, who were there. (pp. 478-479, emphasis in
original)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">His was not a unique experience. A brilliant </span><a href="https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/124/3/1133/1905120/Estimating-the-Impact-of-The-Hajj-Religion-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext"><span style="color: yellow;">‘natural experiment’ carried out by
Clingingsmith and colleagues</span></a><span style="color: white;"> on a large sample of Pakistanis famously
showed that participation in the Hajj can lead to both more positive attitudes towards
other groups and increased commitment to Muslim identity. In a second analysis,
we have been investigating the process underlying these psychological changes. In
line with contact theory and the social identity approach, we found that a key
mechanism explaining increased positive attitudes to outgroups was
identification with the Hajj crowd, which operates like </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14792779343000004?journalCode=pers20"><span style="color: yellow;">common ingroup identity</span></a><span style="color: white;">.
In line with </span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.12260/full" style="color: white;">a </a><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.12260/full"><span style="color: yellow;">social identity account of
identity enactment</span></a><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.12260/full" style="color: white;">,</a><span style="color: white;"> we found that the key mechanism explaining
enhanced identification was giving social support to others. Our finding that
participation in an all-Muslim gathering increases positive views of other
groups (including non-Muslims) through crowd identification offers an
alternative perspective to claims about the supposed role of such gatherings in
encouraging intolerance.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q_vEwkA-82k/WaPI8XCUEQI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/3O1hOHrgOM4RGXzt--iCeyloBZFNKuGkACLcBGAs/s1600/hajpic2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1021" height="212" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q_vEwkA-82k/WaPI8XCUEQI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/3O1hOHrgOM4RGXzt--iCeyloBZFNKuGkACLcBGAs/s320/hajpic2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Place, space and the virtuous cycle
of cooperation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
requirement to cooperate at Hajj is not only a shared spiritual value, but also
a practical necessity due to the high levels of crowd density. In a third
analysis, we sought to understand the determinants of cooperation in and around
the Grand Mosque during the pilgrimage. In Hani’s interviews, pilgrims
described ecstatic experiences on seeing and being close to the Ka’aba.
However, precisely because of its spiritual value, many pilgrims seek to be
close to the Ka’aba at the same time. This leads to negative (e.g., competitive
pushing) as well as positive (e.g., social support) experiences in the Mosque.
Our survey analysis found that evidence of help was high across the participants,
but was more likely to be reported in the plaza just outside the Mosque than
inside the Mosque itself. We also found evidence of what we called a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">virtuous cycle of cooperation</i>: seeing
others in the crowd giving support predicted seeing them as good Muslims which
predicted identification with the crowd which itself predicted giving help to
others. This predictive pattern occurred in the plaza but not the Mosque itself,
and suggests the role of place and space in modulating identity processes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<!--StartFragment-->
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the past, where the social psychology of the
Hajj has been addressed it has been through <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099%2811%2970337-1/fulltext"><span style="color: yellow;">concepts such as ‘panic’ and
‘stampede’</span></a>. However, use of
these concepts is not based on systematic study of pilgrims’ behaviour and
experience. In addition, such concepts serve to <a href="https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/blaming-victims"><span style="color: yellow;">blame the crowd</span></a>, rather than mismanagement, for disasters. Hani
Alnabulsi’s PhD research is the first to bring modern social psychological
concepts to the Hajj – in particular the concepts of social identity and group
norm. We argue that these concepts will not only provide a more accurate
understanding of behaviour at the Hajj, they can also help contribute to a
safer Hajj in the future by <a href="http://theconversation.com/heres-how-to-make-the-hajj-safer-by-better-understanding-crowd-psychology-48128"><span style="color: yellow;">informing the planning and
management</span></a> of this global
gathering.</span><!--EndFragment-->
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Prof John Druryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05253582578232599754noreply@blogger.com0